《可见的与不可见的》可见与不可见书评

The Visible and Nature: Philosophical Interrogation

1. Reflection and Interrogation

THE PERCEPTUAL FAITH AND ITS OBSCURITY

We see the world itself: this belief is also a puzzle and a contradictory labyrinth.

To say what is me, what is seeing. Philosophy seeks to bring things in themselves from their silent essence to expression. Questioning is the only way.

If we can speak of falsehood, we should have experiences of truth. There is a difference in structure or essence between perception or true vision and dreams. The difference between perception and dreams is not absolute. The problem of the world: What is important for us is to know the meaning of the worlds existence.

The vision of the world itself is constructed from a point in the world. My actions and the movements of my eyes vibrate the world. The fact that multiple monocular visions are not the same as the objects seen with both eyes. Distortion, a global miracle. The relationship between things and my body is indeed unique. Everything seems to happen in a situation where the ability to enter the world cannot be separated from the ability to extend myself in an illusion.

My body is non-perceptive: perception can never grasp the body in perceptual actions. When I touch my left hand with my right hand, I can no longer touch my right hand with my left hand. My body is situated around perception formed by it; my body is ready for self-perception, even if it is never perceived or perceives. Perception does not arise anywhere, but only emerges deep within a body. The things perceived by others are divided. A private world.

The experiences of others. I am the responder to the questions posed to me. My private world is no longer just my own.

It is in the world that we communicate, through being related in our lives. Certainty, although undeniable, remains absolutely vague.

This indefensible certainty of the existence of a shared perceptible world is the basis of truth here. The perceptible world is "older" than the universe of thought. In regard to its relation to the mind and truth, these certainties are based on the first foundation of the perceptible world; we are convinced that existence in truth and existence in the world are the same. Truth is manifested through an emotional and almost physical experience. The truth and world of thought constructed for us are realized through borrowing the structure of the world.

SCIENCE PRESUPPOSES THE PERCEPTUAL FAITH AND DOES NOT ELUCIDATE IT

Objective, operative.

Relativity: the relationship between observer and observed has every right to become a fundamental physical existence, and normativity only makes sense in a certain situation for the observer.

Blinded by existence is the price science pays for successfully defining existence. The question of the meaning of existence. What philosophers can observe and make philosophers think is precisely the "preference" of those physicists who admit their Cartesian worldview. The crisis of science.

Psychology: introspection and behavior. "Subjective" and "objective."

Gestalt psychology: a sense of despair. The determined is no longer part of an objectively describable order.

The same fundamental difficulty:

Social psychology. See "objective" thinking as it is.

Paradoxically, psychology is more difficult to abandon a mechanistic interpretation than physics. Only by returning to perceptual beliefs can people resolve the crisis.

Perceptual stimuli are what develop and release the perceived world. The difference between that and what, essence and conditions of existence.

THE PERCEPTUAL FAITH AND REFLECTION

The perception of the world is present in affirmation and negation, in judgment, through our bodies and within the world, through our own experience of truth.

Philosophers must reflect. Perception and imagination become two ways of thinking. Things become cogitatum or noema. Mind. The unity of ideas or the unity of meaning.

The bond between us and the natural world. Reflection recovers everything except itself as an effort to recover. Impossible-possible, non-reflection-reflection.

Philosophers suspend their initial views just to put them in the field of expression. Sur-reflexion.

A philosophy of reflection is triple non-truth: towards the visible world, towards the other who sees it, towards the relationship between him and other "observers." It equates affirmation with the negation of negation. Disillusionment. Perception-"illusion"-reality.

The shortcomings of reflective philosophy lie in their unwillingness to persist. Adopt another starting point.

The lie of philosophy: my thoughts are sufficient in themselves to think what I think. Reflection demands and rejects an inverted constructive movement. Husserls question.

A general situation that philosophy must interpret.

2. Interrogation and Dialectic

PERCEPTUAL FAITH AND NEGATIVITY

Equating conclusions with evidence is a assumption: perceptual beliefs are always a resistance to doubt, affirmation is always a negation of negation.

The world is a primordial affirmation.

Idealism. Realism. Sartre.

The only way to think about negation is to consider it not present, to view it as the only edge of existence. Becoming nothingness = being within the world.

The other demands that I keep my promise. The others gaze on things is a second opening.

The other is born beside me. Nothingness-body & situation.

Perception calls a mixed totality the world. Strict and absolute denial becomes an affirmation. "Why is there something rather than nothing": nothingness doesnt exist, but it exists in existence.

Negative thinking leads philosophy into stagnation.

Two movements: from nothingness to existence, negating negation; from existence to nothingness, repetition.

The first movement completely ignores the thickness, depth, and diversity of the plane, the background - the world. It is illusory.

The meaning of the others gaze.

Madness of vision. I have a nothingness filled with existence, an existence emptied by nothingness. The things exist for me.

The labyrinth of the others gaze. To exist for me - to exist for him. We are a system for ourselves.

Our lives are an atmosphere, an intertwining.

Negative philosophy is forever logical and empirical. The residue of negative thinking: the situation of philosophers. Our starting point: existence exists, existence for a world, existence for something; the union of existence, meaning of existence.

Dialectic: centripetal movement = centrifugal movement, generation = self-destruction.

The danger of dialectics: Hegel, Sartre. Bad dialectic; good dialectic = sur-dialectic = dialectic without synthesis. A dialectical definition of existence.

PERCEPTUAL FAITH AND INTERROGATION

The question of the meaning of the worlds existence. Language and science are not final answers.

The significance of the astonishment in front of the perceived world: an existence with primacy over thought.

Our connection to the world is only openness. An indirect and silent necessity weighs on my vision. Philosophy still is a question, exploring the world and things, restoring, repeating, or imitating them in front of us.

The philosophers mode of questioning is not cognitive. Philosophy is also not a waking of consciousness. Philosophy - perception.

Philosophy is also a question posed to the unspoken.

Philosophy is questioning its own perceptual beliefs.

3. Interrogation and Intuition

Philosophy leads to exploration.

The question is neither ansit (Descartes) nor quidsit (Kant).

Essence, concept, experience, time.

Time and space go beyond the visible present, yet they are in it. The viewer is also visible. Existence is a complete structure, differentiation, repetition. Fact = essence.

We are perceivers who can perceive. We dwell in this world, this existence.

Like visible flesh, speech. A moving essence. A non-thought.

Concepts are the style of experience.

The characteristic of philosophical exploration is that it turns towards itself, questioning what questioning is, what answering is. FactAn experience: recalling an impossible past, anticipating an impossible future. Perception of simultaneity or lag in perception. Overlapping or transgression.

Philosophers seek a language.

Language is our life and the life of things. The language of speaking = the language of motion = language as substance: the theme of philosophy.

Philosophy is not the search for essence or fusion with things.

Philosophical exploration is a true "I know what" a questioning cognition, the transformation between silence and speech.

4. The Intertwining - The Chiasm

"Seeing" and "saying" are recurring references.

The gaze itself envelops things, clothing them with its own flesh.

Color is a concrete manifestation of visibility and is woven into the invisible existence/flesh.

The feeling of touch: the intersection of touch and the touchable. Three overlapping yet distinct experiences: a touch of touch, a touch of things, a real touch. The invasion between the visible and the touchable.

The viewer possesses the visible = the visible possesses the viewer.

Distance and closeness are synonymous. The thickness of the body enters the thickness of the world.

The body is a self-sensing, paradoxical being: a unity without overlap, a difference without contradiction. Visible flesh: flesh-in-body = prototype-variant. Sensible/objective body - sensitive/phenomenal body = visibility. The world and the body are intertwined: two concentric circles.

Self-love in two senses. Corporeal: "element," universal thing, principle of embodiment, factual, meaningful.

A "betweenness of flesh." Multiple subjectivities (eye and hand, I and he) gathered as one. Overlapping and splitting, unity and difference, a natural light.

Visible - infinite depth. Betrayal of the illusion of solipsism.

Beyond the visible: speaking - hearing